Moreover, the existing unreinforced masonry build- ings are composed of inhomogeneous material, not capable to carry tension forces. Their presence in the building stock within area with high seismic activity requires careful assessment of their seismic behaviour and retrofitting. A large number of existing unrein- forced masonry buildings are still present and operational throughout the world. All these contribute to the imbalance of the building and may lead to damage or collapse of the building. ![]() The combination of the gravity and horizontal loads, such as seismic actions, attracts axial forces, bending moments and shear forces. They are responsible for the load transfer and the global stabil- ity of the building when subjected to vertical and horizontal forces. The main structural elements in masonry buildings are the masonry walls. ![]() The theory assumes a concrete block rocking element that is restrained with plain bars at both ends. A simple theory for the explanation of hysteresis force–displacement response was proposed. Moreover, general mode of behavior was restrained-rocking action independent of type of splice detailing. It was realized that slip (fi xed-end rotation) contribution is the major source of deformation in all specimens independent from type of splices. Through the experimental results, it tried to obtain more clarifi cation on the complicated behavior of such old reinforced members as well as the differences compared with relevant results of columns reinforced by deformed bars. This article reports the results of experimental monotonic and cyclic tests on four concrete column specimens reinforced by plain bars and with various types of splices. Furthermore, in most of old-framed building structures, columns play a key role in the final behavior because of strong beam–weak column conditions. ![]() As columns are generally the most important structural members of a framed structure, understanding their realistic seismic behavior is very helpful in estimating structural deformations, forces and energy dissipation capacities. Concrete buildings reinforced by plain (smooth) bars are one of the special types of old reinforced concrete buildings that were generally built before the 1970s.
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